Extended High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulus for Improvement in Cognitive Functions as Measured by Sensorimotor Network Alterations in Chronic Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive symptoms form core of schizophrenia affecting interpersonal and socio-occupational functioning. Impaired dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function is implicated in these symptoms. Dysfunction in sensory-motor network (SMN) has been attributed to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. High-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), an optimized form of tDCS, has the potential for more focalized neuromodulation. Extended HD-tDCS (eHD-tDCS), that is, more than 10 sessions over an extended period of time, may increase the effectiveness of stimulation. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the effects of eHD-tDCS on SMN alterations for improvement in cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: Fifty-one patients of chronic schizophrenia (>2-year continuous illness) with predominantly cognitive symptoms were enrolled for this sham-controlled trial. Participants received 20 sessions of eHD-tDCS at 2 mA for 20 minutes twice daily over 10 days. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale and Resting State f MRI (rsfMRI) were used to assess outcome. Clinical assessments were carried out at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks and rsfMRI at baseline and 2 weeks. RESULTS: Significant improvement was noted in both active and sham groups across all outcome variables over time. However, a statistically significant decrease in cognitive symptoms and illness severity in active group was noted at the end of treatment at 2 weeks, maintained till the end of 6 weeks. After application of eHD-tDCS, a significant improvement in functional connectivity was noted in SMN. The novel extended stimulation protocol was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Extended HD-tDCS emerges to have a substantial potential in the treatment of cognitive symptoms and it is safe and well tolerated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".