Extended High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulus for Improvement in Cognitive Functions as Measured by Sensorimotor Network Alterations in Chronic Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive symptoms form core of schizophrenia affecting interpersonal and socio-occupational functioning. Impaired dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function is implicated in these symptoms. Dysfunction in sensory-motor network (SMN) has been attributed to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. High-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), an optimized form of tDCS, has the potential for more focalized neuromodulation. Extended HD-tDCS (eHD-tDCS), that is, more than 10 sessions over an extended period of time, may increase the effectiveness of stimulation. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the effects of eHD-tDCS on SMN alterations for improvement in cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: Fifty-one patients of chronic schizophrenia (>2-year continuous illness) with predominantly cognitive symptoms were enrolled for this sham-controlled trial. Participants received 20 sessions of eHD-tDCS at 2 mA for 20 minutes twice daily over 10 days. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale and Resting State f MRI (rsfMRI) were used to assess outcome. Clinical assessments were carried out at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks and rsfMRI at baseline and 2 weeks. RESULTS: Significant improvement was noted in both active and sham groups across all outcome variables over time. However, a statistically significant decrease in cognitive symptoms and illness severity in active group was noted at the end of treatment at 2 weeks, maintained till the end of 6 weeks. After application of eHD-tDCS, a significant improvement in functional connectivity was noted in SMN. The novel extended stimulation protocol was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Extended HD-tDCS emerges to have a substantial potential in the treatment of cognitive symptoms and it is safe and well tolerated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".