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Merging Attack Trees and MITRE ATT&CK Tactics for More Effective Attack Modeling

2025· article· en· W4411208251 on OpenAlexaff
Natalija Vlajic, Melina Najimi, Milos Stojadinovic

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicNetwork Security and Intrusion Detection
Canadian institutionsRoyal Bank of CanadaYork University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceWorld Wide WebComputer security

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

At present, attack trees/graphs and MITRE ATT &CK Navigator representations are considered to be the most effective ways of visually depicting a cyber attack. In this work, we first discuss the effectiveness of each of these approaches from the perspective of human perception and comprehension. We then propose a novel attack modeling technique that merges the traditional attack-trees with the MITRE ATT&CK methodology. We name this technique Color Coded MITRE ATT&CK Inspired Attack Tree (CC-MATT-AT) modeling. CC-MATT-AT is able to produces attack representations that are visually far superior than models produced by either attack trees or MITRE ATT &CK alone - which becomes especially important and evident in the case of complex attacks. Finally, we demonstrate the practical use and potential advantages of our novel technique by presenting a CC-MATT -AT model of one of the best-known hybrid attacks (i.e., attacks that span both IT and OT environments) to date - Sutxnet.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.755
Threshold uncertainty score0.615

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.029
GPT teacher head0.310
Teacher spread0.282 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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