THE PREVALENCE OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AMONG ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONCognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as a significant complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), affecting memory, executive function, and processing speed. Despite its clinical relevance, cognitive impairment in T2DM often remains underdiagnosed, leading to poor disease management, reduced adherence to treatment, and diminished quality of life. METHODOLOGYThis cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of cognitive impairment among T2DM patients attending the Medical Outpatient Department (MOPD) and Integrated Diabetes Clinic at Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah and Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Kedah. Eligible participants were adults with T2DM, selected through convenience sampling. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and demographic data were collected. RESULTA total of 144 participants were included, comprising 88 females (61.1%) and 56 males (38.9%). The median age of participants was 56 years old. The majority were of Malay ethnicity (n = 125, 86.8%), followed by Indian (n = 14, 9.7%), Chinese (n = 4, 2.8%), and Thai (n = 1, 0.7%). Most participants (n = 90, 62.5%) were from low-income backgrounds. Educational attainment was limited, with 16% having no formal education or only primary-level education. Cognitive function assessment revealed that only 49 participants (34%) had normal cognitive function, while 72 participants (50%) exhibited mild cognitive impairment. Moderate cognitive impairment was observed in 21 participants (14.6%), and severe cognitive impairment was identified in 2 participants (1.4%). CONCLUSIONThis study reveals a strikingly high prevalence of cognitive impairment among individuals with T2DM, underscoring an urgent need for early detection and proactive intervention. As cognitive decline directly influences disease self-management, medication adherence, and overall quality of life, its integration into routine diabetes care is imperative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".