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Record W4411222323 · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01778-9

Investigating the printing techniques and light sensitivity of the Tyler Graphics Bag by Frank Stella

2025· article· en· W4411222323 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

Venuenpj Heritage Science · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
Topic3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersYork UniversityAndrew W. Mellon FoundationNational Endowment for the HumanitiesSmithsonian Institution
KeywordsSTELLA (programming language)GraphicsComputer graphics (images)ArtArt historySensitivity (control systems)Computer scienceEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The Tyler Graphics Bag (1984), named for master printer Kenneth Tyler (b. 1913), was designed by artist Frank Stella (1936–2024) and printed as a limited-edition shopping bag commissioned by Dayton’s department store to promote the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis. The pigments and printing processes used for the bag were investigated, and analyses included optical microscopy, multispectral imaging (MSI), Raman spectroscopy, and large-area micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning. The findings suggest a photomechanical color-separation printing process using commercial colorants. Further investigation of the media and support with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR) identified energy-curable epoxy acrylate ink on bleached Kraft paper. Microfade testing (MFT) additionally indicated that some industrial works on paper could be as lightfast as bespoke ones. Archival research reveals that Stella and Tyler Graphics created working proofs that seem to be earlier iterations of the final design; however, these findings confirm that the Tyler Graphics Bag was printed industrially.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.068
Threshold uncertainty score0.687

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.218
Teacher spread0.208 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it