Leveraging Prior ALS Point Clouds for Enhanced LiDAR-Inertial Odometry in Low-Cost Mobile Mapping Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
LIO(LiDAR-Inertial-Odometry) performs poorly in highly-urbanized scenarios. This paper proposes an enhanced LIO method by utilizing existing ALS point clouds to improve the accuracy and robustness of localization for low-cost MMS (Mobile Mapping System). ALS and MLS point clouds are preprocessed separately. Then the LIO with multiple scan-to-map matchings is maintained. The framework’s performance was validated through experiments on both large-scale vehicle-mounted and hand-held datasets. The average APE (Absolute Pose Error) is only 1 meter even with a trajectory over 4 km and IMU collection time over 50 minutes. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first successful attempt at achieving real-time and accurate LIO for low-cost MMS combined with ALS data in large-scale outdoor environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".