Civil Liberties, Citizens’ Rights or Human Rights? A Historical Perspective on Rights in Northern Ireland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Considering that rights have a history, this article looks back at the circumstances in which the terminology and practice of human rights, inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, were introduced in Northern Ireland in the 1960s. The starting point is the reference, found in a primary source dating from 1969, to the possibility of drafting a Human Rights Bill for Northern Ireland based on international models. Drawing on the author’s work tracing the history of community relations policy, this article endeavours to place this particular reference in its historical context by explaining why and how such a promise was made in 1969. These developments are put into perspective with a comparison with Canada. Finally, this article focuses on the historical dimension of two problematic issues in the 1960s in Northern Ireland: one concerned the possibility of aligning with international human rights definitions and standards, and the other the failure of organising a conversation on questions relating to rights.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.053 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".