Breast Cancer Detection Using a Metasurface-Based Microwave Probe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work introduces an electromagnetic energy scanning technique with specific application to the detection of breast cancer. The technique is based on a metasurface field detector probe composed of an ensemble of electrically small elements resonating at 700 MHz, where the middle single element represents the field detector. The sensor scans the two-dimensional plane that contains the energy transmitted through the breast. Once the scan is completed, we generate a contrast image composed of N X N pixels that represent the different components of the breast tissue. We then compile a dataset of these contrast images to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy breast tissue. Thie probe provides a resolution that cannot be matched by either electrically small probes or resonance-based probes that have dimensions comparable to the wavelength. The field emanating from a specific structure, such as a human female breast, can be scanned by the proposed probe to achieve a resolution in the millimeter range while operating in the low-microwave frequency spectrum. The probe was tested numerically, and a prototype was tested experimentally, demonstrating its effectiveness in providing a field resolution of approximately 5 mm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".