Targeting ryanodine receptors with allopurinol and xanthine derivatives for the treatment of cardiac and musculoskeletal weakness disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular Ca 2+ channels essential for muscle contraction. Caffeine, a xanthine derivative, has been known for decades to increase muscle contraction and enhance activation of RyRs by increasing the sensitivity to Ca 2+ . We previously showed that xanthine, the only physiologically relevant xanthine derivative, also binds to and activates RyR2. Most xanthine derivatives and analogs are safe and widely prescribed, with the most popular being the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol (~15M yearly prescriptions in USA). We propose that xanthine derivatives and analogs that enhance RyRs activity could be used for lead optimization and eventually for the treatment of the diseases that exhibit decreased muscle contraction and reduced RyRs activity, such as RyR1-related diseases, sarcopenia, and heart failure. Here, we show by cryo-EM that xanthine derivatives, analogs, and other related compounds bind to the xanthine/caffeine binding site and activate RyR1, and identify 4-oxopyrimidine as the minimal motif necessary for such interaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".