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Record W4411292988 · doi:10.2337/db25-964-p

964-P: Reducing Discordance between GMI and A1C Using AI

2025· article· en· W4411292988 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Ali Alqahtani, Giuliano Netto Flores Cruz, Nabeel Khan, Kate Hawke, TOM ELLIOTT

Bibliographic record

VenueDiabetes · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicManufacturing Process and Optimization
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMedicine

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Introduction and Objective: GMI is increasingly relied upon in clinical practice as a surrogate for A1c. However absolute discordance >0.5% is common between GMI & A1c. GMI also tends to overestimate at lower A1c (<7.0) and underestimate at higher A1c (>8.0). BCDiabetes, a public Canadian clinic, has permissioned access to anonymized client data: more than 3,000 of its clients use CGM 365 days per year & have A1c measured intermittently. Methods: Prior to 2024-Sep-30, 2922 pairs of 90 days of CGM data & A1c values measured on the 90th day of CGM from 1508 patients, were used to build two machine learning (ML) models designed to minimize discordance in GMI vs A1c. Post 2024-Sep-30, 270 analogous pairs from 268 different clients with 90 days of CGM data & A1c values, were used to test the two ML models against the Bergenstal equation (2018) & an analogous linear regression equation developed with the same training data. Results: The Bergenstal equation showed a mean absolute difference of 0.43, with 37% of participants demonstrating discordance; the BCDiabetes equation was minimally higher than Bergenstal. Both ML models outperformed the Bergenstal equation with ML Model 2 reducing the relative risk of discordance compared to Bergenstal by 18% (Figure 1). Conclusion: AI modeling of GMI vs A1c promises to reduce discordance. With validation of such models and their adoption into clinical practice, GMI will become a more reliable indicator of A1c. Disclosure A. Alqahtani: None. G. Netto Flores Cruz: Employee; BiomeHub. N. Khan: None. K. Hawke: None. T. Elliott: None.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.332
Threshold uncertainty score0.319

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.226
Teacher spread0.219 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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