Coalescence and film formation of a low molecular weight polyurethane dispersions designed for radiation cure
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The goal of this research was to investigate coalescence and film formation in a polyurethane dispersion (PUD) designed for radiation cure. The recipe for PUD synthesis was taken from a recent patent [US 20220112371A1, April 14, 2022], leading to uniform nanoparticles dispersed in water with N-(2-aminoethyl)-β-alaninate as the stabilizer and with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 80 nm. The high content of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA, 20 wt%) led to a low M n (∼ 2.5 kDa) and a broad molecular weight distribution. Replacing a small fraction of the HEA with donor or acceptor dyes for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments showed that the HEA was concentrated in a low molecular weight fraction of the polymer. This is an unexpected result. Introducing the dyes by pre-reacting them with the hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-trimer component of the formulation led to a more uniform distribution of the dyes in the sample. We prepared components labeled with phenanthrene (Phen) as the fluorescent donor dye or with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrrolidine (NPP) as the non-fluorescent acceptor dye. FRET experiments conducted on samples in the dispersed state showed that a significant extent of nanoparticle-nanoparticle polymer transfer took place through the water phase. Films formed at room temperature showed a significant amount of energy transfer only 1 h after drying, Φ ET = 69 % for HDI-trimer-labeled samples and Φ ET = 75 % for samples in which the dyes replaced HEA. These experiments indicate the high mobility of the polyurethane chains and substantial polymer diffusion occurs very quickly in the film.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it