Ultra-High Conductivity of Non-Conjugated Synthetic, Semisynthetic, and Zr(IV)-/ Zn(II)-/ Ni(II)-Coordinated Optoelectronic Polymers for High-Performance Voltammetric/ Impedimetric/ Luminometric Glucose Sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The exploration of purely aliphatic optoelectronic macromolecules with elevated conductivity, emission efficacy, redox capacity, and solubility in aqueous media should extend the application prospects of optoelectronic polymers. Here, initially, four purely aliphatic (synthetic) electroactive luminescent polymers (ELPs), followed by four semisynthetic electroactive luminescent inclusion polymers (ELIPs), and finally, three metal ion-inclusion polymer (semisynthetic) networks (M(II/IV)-MIPN, M = Ni(II)/ Zn(II)/ Zr(IV)) are strategically designed and synthesized. For the first time, alike aromatic/ conjugated polymers, aliphatic luminescent polymers imparting conductivities in the range of 355.6–137.7 mS cm –1 are explored. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies confirm the origination of cyclic aliphatic N -(5-methacryloyl-1,5-oxazocan-2-ylidene)- N -methylmethanaminium (MAOYMEMM) ion comprising an oxazocane ring during the synthesis of ELPs, ELIPs, Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN. In ELP3/ ELIP3 (optimum composition), Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN, spontaneous charge-/ electronic-transport from the electron rich oxyanion of −C(−O – )═N + (CH 3 ) 3 in N, N -dimethylacrylamide to the electronically deficient carbonyl carbon in MAOYMEMM endows optical and electrical properties. In ELIP3/ Ni(II)-MIPN, β-cyclodextrin-/ Ni(II)-associated 333.71/ 242.44% enhancement in charge transfer efficacy is indicated from dual-state UV–vis and luminescence spectroscopies. Here, impedance measurements and cyclic voltammetric analyses of M(II/IV)-MIPN-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) (GCE|Zn(II)-MIPN and GCE|Zr(IV)-MIPN) confirm the highest conductivity and oxidizing ability of Zn(II)-MIPN and Zr(IV)-MIPN, respectively. Finally, optoelectronic Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN showing the maximum open circuit potential (1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl), 242.44% enhancement of CT, and ultrahigh conductivity (355.6 mS cm –1 ) are employed as efficient cyclic voltammetric (limit of detection (LOD) = 3.77 μM), luminometric (LOD = 3.64 nM), and impedimetric (LOD = 5.62 μM) glucose sensors, respectively. The significant efficiencies of multimethod sensing performed with Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN are indicated by high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and appreciably low LODs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".