Prematurity is a risk factor of disorders of gut-brain interaction in adults: A case-control study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are defined as a variable combination of chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. Early-life stressors have been implicated as possible contributing factors. AIM To determine if prematurity and neonatal factors influence the development of DGBI in adults. METHODS A case-control study was carried out at a tertiary referral center from July 2019 to July 2021. Cases (adults born with extremely premature < 29 weeks of gestation) were recruited from the Health of Adults Born Preterm Investigation cohort. Control subjects were recruited from the general population. All participants completed the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire online. Cases completed anxiety and depression questionnaires (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 items, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 items, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items). Neonatal data and sociodemographic status were collected. RESULTS A total of 79 cases and 124 controls were enrolled in the study. The group of adults born preterm exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of functional bowel disorders (P = 0.01) and a trend suggesting a higher prevalence of functional gastroduodenal disorders (P = 0.06). Among women born prematurely, the prevalence of functional gastroduodenal disorders, functional bowel disorders, and functional constipation was significantly higher compared to the female control group (P = 0.02 for all). The identified risk factors are categorized as directly linked to prematurity (e.g. , chorioamnionitis), indirectly related to prematurity (e.g. , anxiety, depression, and social skills as consequences of prematurity), or independent of prematurity (e.g. , female sex). CONCLUSION This is the first case-control study reporting the prevalence of DGBI in a cohort of well-characterized adults born prematurely. We confirm that prematurity is a risk factor for developing a DGBI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".