Bibliographic record
Abstract
The induction of self-made new ideas and deeds into the religion is called "Bidʻah" or innovation in Islamic circles. It has been the subject of great debate among Muslim scholars. This paper studies the theory of Bidʻah introduced by ʻIzz al-Dīn IbnʻAbd al-Salām (1180-1262), a Shāfʻī theologian and Jurist. It concludes that the difference of opinion among the scholars on the division of Bidʻah is based on the definition of the word. The division of Bidʻah is based on its literal meaning. No scholar is convinced that Sharʻī Bidʻah is virtuous. Based on the literal meaning of the word, it is not wrong to divide the Sharʻī Bidʻah into five categories. Despite calling Bidʻah Ḥasanah, by ʻIzz al-Dīn has rejected some of the innovative creeds and deeds which seemed to be very virtuous. So it is not fair to make ʻIzz al-Dīn’s mentioned view an argument for any self-made action or Bidʻah.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.979 | 0.980 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".