Bibliographic record
Abstract
Islam is alleged of forbidding women from learning to write. It is said that a Ḥadīth from ʻA’isha says: "Don't teach women to write." This article explores the authenticity and correct context of the mentioned Ḥadīth. The gist of this article is that the ḥadīth referred is not worthy of argument regarding the under discussion issue. All the Muḥaddithīn except Imam Ḥākim agree that this narration is invalid, and Imam Ibn Jawzī has expressed surprise about the negligence of Imam Ḥākim in this regard. Moreover, there are separate ḥadīths on the justification of women learning to write, one of which is narrated from ʻA’isha, who is also the narrator of the under discussion ḥadīth. Imam Balādharī has mentioned from his chain of transmission, the names of five early Muslim women who knew how to write. Many great Muḥaddithīn and jurists have also explained the legitimacy of teaching women to write.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.979 | 0.968 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".