Finite element simulation and parametric study of exposed column base plate connections under axial compression and Bi-directional lateral loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study numerically investigates the structural performance of exposed steel column base plate (CBP) connections subjected to combined axial compression and bi-directional lateral loading . Unlike traditional approaches that primarily consider uniaxial forces, this research addresses the combined impact of multi-directional forces, which more accurately represent seismic loading conditions. The research employs a comprehensive methodology that integrates experimentally validated finite element analysis (FEA) using ABAQUS. Laboratory tests were conducted on four CBP specimens with varying base plate thicknesses, bolt layouts, and grout thicknesses to capture critical failure modes and hysteretic behavior, in a companion study. The FEA models, validated against those experimental results, successfully simulate the non-linear moment-rotation response, pinching effects, and stiffness degradation under cyclic loading. Parametric studies are performed to explore the influence of key design variables, including axial load magnitude, base plate thickness, anchor bolt layout, bolt diameter , and grout properties. The results reveal that higher axial loads enhance moment capacity but reduce ductility, while bolt layout and diameter significantly influence energy dissipation capacity and failure mechanisms. This research highlights the differences in connection stiffness under unidirectional and bidirectional lateral loading and their impact on the behavior and response of CBP connections. The findings provide a foundation for improving design codes and optimizing the seismic performance of steel-framed structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".