White matter changes with rehabilitation in children with Co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Up to 88 % of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience motor difficulties consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) intervention is effective for children with co-occurring ASD and DCD to learn motor skills, but it is unknown if treatment-induced brain changes occur in this clinical population. Our objectives were to: (1) investigate changes in white matter microstructure in children with ASD + DCD after CO-OP intervention; (2) determine whether these brain changes are maintained three months after intervention; and (3) explore the relationship of white matter changes with improvements in motor function. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 24 children with ASD + DCD (aged 8-12 years) underwent an initial MRI and were randomly assigned to either a treatment or waitlist group. The treatment group received CO-OP intervention (once weekly for 10 weeks), had a second MRI post-intervention, and a follow-up scan three months later. The waitlist group waited three months for their second MRI, received the intervention, and then had a post-treatment scan. Diffusion tensor imaging data were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. Results: Children with ASD + DCD showed increased fractional anisotropy in cerebellar white matter in vermal lobule VI and middle cerebellar peduncle after CO-OP (Cohen's d = 0.88 and 0.85, respectively). Brain changes were maintained three months post-intervention. Regression analysis found no relationship between white matter changes and motor outcomes. Conclusions: Improvements in cerebellar white matter pathways in children with ASD + DCD highlight the efficacy of CO-OP interventions as a therapeutic approach for this clinical population. Clinical trials registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04119492.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".