kHz-Resolution Frequency Measurement Based on Selective High-Order Modes in a Micro-Resonator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose a photonic microwave frequency measurement system with kHz resolution for the instantaneous measurement of the Doppler frequency shift (DFS) of a moving object. By joint use of an optical frequency comb (OFC) generator implemented by cascading an intensity modulator (IM) and a phase modulator (PM) and a high-Q metal-coated micro-disk resonator (MDR), an ultra-sensitive amplitude comparison function (ACF) for frequency-to-power mapping is established, which enables ultra-high sensitivity frequency measurement. The proposed technique is experimentally demonstrated. A Doppler signal is applied to the two modulators to generate multiple sidebands corresponding to an optical comb. By aligning the ±3-rd order sidebands with the steep slopes of two adjacent notches of the metal-coated MDR, an ACF is obtained. A frequency measurement sensitivity of 2.28 dB/MHz is experimentally achieved. With a power measurement resolution of 0.01 dB, the frequency measurement resolution is 4.37 kHz, which is the highest ever reported based on photonic techniques. It enables Doppler frequency shift measurement for an object moving at speeds between 40.34 to 1384 m/s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".