Evaluation of MRI-based brain oxygen extraction fraction mapping in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aim to assess the cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) by using an MRI-based technique and examine the relationship between OEF and cognition. METHODS: 43 SLE patients (18 NPSLE and 25 non-NPSLE) and 26 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Cognitive function was assessed via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). OEF was calculated by quantitative susceptibility mapping plus quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent model (QQ). Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of OEF was performed. In subcortical grey matter structures, regional OEF values were measured, and their relationship with MoCA scores was explored. RESULTS: Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis revealed significant changes of OEF primarily in the limbic system, including the orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral insular lobes, among HC, non-NPSLE and NPSLE groups. Regional analysis indicated reduced OEF values in subregions of the amygdala, hippocampus and caudate nucleus in non-NPSLE compared with HC, with decreasing trends observed in all selected regions of subcortical grey matter structures. In the right hippocampus, OEF values were increased in NPSLE patients compared with non-NPSLE patients. Considering all subjects in the study, OEF values in the bilateral medial amygdalae, right lateral amygdala, left rostral hippocampus and right dorsal caudate nucleus were positively correlated with MoCA scores. CONCLUSION: Cerebral OEF mapping in patients with SLE is readily available using the MRI-based QQ method, which has the potential to serve as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing NPSLE and monitoring cognitive impairment in SLE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".