Quantifying French-Canadian Participation in the New England Cotton Textile Industry in the Early Twentieth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historians agree that hundreds of thousands of French Canadians came to the U.S. in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, where they became the largest element among New England cotton textile industry employees. Some scholars claim that there was a “recomposition” of the cotton industry’s labor force in favor of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe sometime after 1890. This article explores the extent of this recomposition by quantifying the labor participation of French Canadians and southern/eastern Europeans in the cotton manufacturing industry in the 1920s in a sample of New England towns. Through an analysis of mill records and the 1920 U.S. federal census, this study presents evidence that the French Canadians remained the largest cohort among New England cotton manufacturing employees until the end of the region’s dominance of the textile industry and the relocation of its center of gravity to the U.S. South.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".