Cultural Negotiation in Early Sikh Imagery: Portraiture of the Sikh Gurus to 1849
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper argues that Guru Nanak came to be painted in Hindu-like frontal in single portrait, which implies the preexisting custom of the production and consumption of images of the Sikh Gurus. The idea that he is deified in these paintings is based on the theory that a frontal view is used for worshipping the sitter. Although Guru Nanak’s face was represented in three different modes, namely frontal, profile and three quarter face, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, a three-quarter view of the face has been dominant in his images since the 19th century, when his attire and accessories also changed from those of a Hindu ascetic or a Muslim saint to those of a Sikh Guru, exemplified by a turban. It is also noticeable that the later Gurus were painted primarily in portrait, a fact that may manifest their authoritative genealogy against other contemporary successors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".