Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this symposium contribution on Alexandre Lefebvre's Liberalism as a Way of Life (Princeton 2024), I explore the insight that many individuals in liberal democracies derive their personal values-such as equality, fairness, and autonomy-not from religious or philosophical doctrines, but from the liberal political order itself. Drawing on liberalism's nonteleological and pluralistic orientation, I argue that liberalism, as compared with comprehensive doctrines, is less deep insofar as it does not offer an ordered vision of final ends, leaving to each individual to select those ends. There are, I claim, many good liberal ways of life. I next explore liberalism's "social thesis", emphasizing the need for a supportive social and cultural environment to cultivate autonomy before reflecting on the challenge of liberalism's self-preservation in a pluralistic society. The essay concludes by raising questions whether public institutions should promote liberal values as enabling conditions for self-direction rather than as final ends.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.050 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".