Tissue‐Resident Memory and Follicular/Peripheral Helper PD‐1 <sup>+</sup> T Cells Infiltrate Lesional Skin in Atopic Dermatitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Atopic dermatitis (AD) is primarily driven by Th2 cells. Although CD3 + T cells and CD11c + cells predominate in lesional (L) over nonlesional (NL) skin, both sites harbor epidermal dysregulation and a type 2 profile relative to healthy skin. Therapeutics focusing on Th2‐mediated pathways partially fill an unmet medical need, highlighting the importance of further characterizing the adaptive and innate immune landscape in L versus NL skin. Paired L and NL biopsies and matched blood samples were collected from 10 patients. The immunophenotype and cytokine profile of immune cells were examined at the single‐cell level using multiparameter flow cytometry and unsupervised analysis. L compared with NL skin was predominantly infiltrated by CD4 + CD103 + PD‐1 + tissue‐resident memory T cells (TRMs) that positively correlated with disease severity (EASI). CD4 + CD103 + PD‐1 + TRMs coexpressed CD25 and ICOS. Frequencies of skin‐resident CD4 + CD103 − PD‐1 + CXCR5 + CCR5 +/− follicular/peripheral helper T cells (Tfh/Tph) were also augmented in L skin. CCR5 − Tfh/Tph coexpressed ICOS, OX40, and IFN‐γ along with IL‐4 or CD120b while CCR5 + Tfh/Tph coexpressed IL‐4Rα. Furthermore, inflammatory monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (Mo‐DCs) positively correlated with CD4 + CD103 + PD‐1 + TRMs and EASI in L skin. These findings enhance our knowledge of AD's innate and adaptive immune profile which may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".