Excretory-secretory products from the parasite <i>Schistocephalus solidus</i> enhance viability and function of threespine stickleback splenocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Helminths can modulate the immune systems of their hosts through the release of soluble molecules known as excretory-secretory products (ESPs). To better understand the extent and mechanisms behind helminth-mediated immunosuppression, we used an emerging model of host-parasite interactions, threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus , and its tapeworm parasite Schistocephalus solidus . We examined the impacts of exposure to ESPs of S. solidus (SsESPs) originating from four Canadian lakes on the viability and function of threespine stickleback splenocytes. We found that 24 hours of exposure to low concentrations of SsESPs significantly increased overall splenocyte viability with the greatest impact on the lymphocyte population. While SsESP exposure did not alter baseline splenocyte respiratory burst activity, SsESP-treated splenic cultures demonstrated significant increases in ROS production in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, suggesting that SsESPs may lower the threshold for activation of the respiratory burst. These results in splenocytes contrast with previous studies demonstrating that SsESPs suppress head kidney leukocytes (HKL) viability and function, suggest that S. solidus -derived excretory secretory products may have cell-or tissue-specific immunomodulatory effects, and highlight the importance of studying host-parasite interactions across diverse immune tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".