Design Principles of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nitrogen‐doped carbon catalysts are attracting significant attention as alternative electrocatalysts to platinum owing to their high activity and durability in fuel cells’ oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), resource availability, and low catalyst cost. Pyridinic nitrogen forms the active site of the ORR and that the reduction of pyridinium ions is discovered and adsorption of molecular oxygen are coupled with a unique reaction mechanism. The deactivation of nitrogen‐doped carbon catalysts in acid electrolytes is attributed to the protonation of pyridinic nitrogen and the associated hydration is reported. This concept is demonstrated by the increased activity of nitrogen‐doped graphene catalysts, whose hydrophobicity is enhanced by the 3D structure. To further enhance the catalytic activity of nitrogen‐doped carbon catalysts, the electronic configuration of the active sites, particularly the degree of electron localization and spin, plays a crucial role. As an example, the introduction of active sites through five‐membered ring structures is presented, along with their characterization by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".