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Establishing a critical minerals industry: Review of Canada's administrative and legal efforts at the national and sub-national levels

2025· article· en· W4411470422 on OpenAlex
Raphael Deberdt, Angeline Marie Letourneau

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueResources Policy · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicMining and Resource Management
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPublic administrationPolitical scienceBusiness

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This review article addresses Canada's domestic and foreign critical minerals policies. We identify a gap in the existing literature on the role of the federal government and sub-national entities in defining priorities, addressing risks, and promoting industrial developments of critical minerals. Based on an extensive literature review of these minerals and their production in Canada, as well as the identification of 26 federal, provincial, territorial, and First Nation documents guiding critical minerals developments, we provide a detailed analysis of the dynamics at stake in the sector. First we find that research specific to critical minerals is lacking in Canada. While studies on the mining sector are well developed, the focus is not on critical minerals but on overarching mining topics. Second, we identify a unique case in Canada where national and sub-national entities drive the critical minerals discussion, reinforcing each other in common areas and complementing each other in other topics. Third, we point to the focus on collaboration, information-sharing, and responsible production of the Canadian domestic and foreign engagement in critical Minerals.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.342
Threshold uncertainty score0.835

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.305
Teacher spread0.280 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it