Intensity-Calibrated Variable-Angle Surface Spectroscopy Provides the Electrostatic Potential at the Interface between Bonded and Diffuse Regions of the Electrical Double Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Second-order nonlinear optical spectroscopy is capable of separating contributions of water molecules bonded to a charged surface from those in the diffuse portion of the electrical double layer on account of the phase-matching considerations that dictate how signals are accumulated over a finite distance. One of the most characteristic features of this interfacial water structure is the electrical potential at the distance from the surface that separates these two regions. Here we describe a scheme for calibrating the absolute second-order susceptibility of the silica-aqueous interface and thereby provide the first account of intensity-based on-resonance sum-frequency generation to measure the potential at the interface between the bonded and diffuse water structures at low ionic strength. Our finding that the magnitude of the potential is slightly greater than the ζ-potential suggests that the structural influence of the surface silanol groups does not extend quite to the slipping plane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".