Alongshore velocities and turbulence in the swash and surf zone forced by oblique, monochromatic waves on smooth and rough impermeable beaches
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wave breaking on beaches drives complex nearshore flow patterns and turbulence. A series of controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to better understand swash and surf zone hydrodynamics on smooth and rough planar impermeable beaches under obliquely incident waves. The experiments were performed in a 26.0 m long, 20.6 m wide, and 1.0 m deep wave basin using a fixed concrete beach with a 1:10 slope. The beach surface was roughened through sandblasting following smooth surface experiments to allow a direct comparison between smooth and rough bed conditions. Regular waves with heights of 0.10 m, 0.125 m, and 0.15 m and a period of 2.0 s were generated with the wave paddle positioned at angles of 0°, 10°, and 20° with respect to the beach. An array of sensors recorded high-frequency data on water surface elevations and velocities at multiple cross-shore positions. Differences in the cross-shore velocities were most evident near the breaker zone, with peak onshore velocities approaching 0.8 m/s. Bed roughness was found to delay wave breaking and modulate velocity profiles compared to smooth bed conditions. Alongshore velocities remained predominantly positive, indicating consistent wave-driven mean flow along the beach, generally increasing with wave paddle angle, and measurements over the smooth bed contained larger nearbed gradients and alongshore flows during flow reversal. Mean nearbed turbulent kinetic energy ( k ) in the surf zone was on the order of 10 -3 m 2 /s 2 . Roughness resulted in an increase of nearbed of approximately 12% at the sensor closest to wave breaking. Analysis of nearbed Reynolds stresses close to the wave breaking location showed roughly a factor of 2 increase for beach normal waves compared to obliquely incident waves. This may suggest influence of reflections off of the beach increased by the intermediate-to-steep slope in this study.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it