<i>Cis</i> -regulation of gene expression between sexes and life stages in <i>Rumex hastatulus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The potential for conflict between sexes and life stages while sharing predominantly the same genome has important evolutionary consequences. In dioecious angiosperms, genes beneficial for the haploid pollen stage may reduce the fitness of diploid offspring of both males and females. However, we still lack an understanding of the extent of shared genetic architecture for gene expression between the sexes or life stages in plants, a key component for predicting the potential for conflict. We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping to test if standing variation affects sexes and life stages differently using a population sample of the dioecious outcrossing plant Rumex hastatulus . We compared effect sizes and allele frequencies of cis -eQTLs in male and female leaf tissues and pollen and tested for genotype-by-sex interactions for gene expression. We found stronger shared genetic architecture between sexes than between life stages, suggesting greater potential for ongoing sexual conflict in leaves, which have been shown to be sexually dimorphic in earlier studies. In contrast, conflict over optimal gene expression between pollen and leaves may be easily resolved due to their distinct genetic architectures. Additionally, our burden of rare allele test suggested a signature of stabilizing selection against extreme gene expression in leaves. Our study highlights the use of eQTLs to investigate selection on gene expression and the evolution of conflict between sexes and life stages in dioecious species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".