Phase Equilibria of the Tetrabutylammonium Lactate (TBAL) Semiclathrate in the Presence of the Trehalose Disaccharide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium lactate (TBAL) semiclathrate is known to have a maximum dissociation temperature near 12 °C and multiple polymorph formation. In this work, the phase equilibria and polymorph formation of the TBAL semiclathrate in the presence of a disaccharide, trehalose, are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. A 3:1 mass ratio of TBAL:trehalose was shown to form 3 polymorphs, labeled A, B, and C, that formed sometimes stochastically between water concentrations but showed a general trend similar to the TBAL and water system, where polymorph A/B formed with lower dissociation temperatures and polymorph C having the highest dissociation temperature. The maximum dissociation temperature was depressed to 10.3 °C with approximately 11.5% (w/w) trehalose compared to 11.9 °C in a TBAL and water system only. A glass transition event may have occurred at −28 °C for the mass ratio of 3:1 TBAL:trehalose independent of water concentration at a cooling rate of 1 °C min –1 and a warming rate of 0.5 °C min –1 . When the cooling and warming rates were increased to 10 and 15 °C min –1, respectively, a possible glass transition occurred at around −17 °C. However, large exotherms, indicative of semiclathrate recrystallization, were observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".