The effect of breastfeeding on treatment outcomes in in-vitro fertilization frozen embryo transfer cycles
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: While breastfeeding is known to impact unassisted conception, its effect on fertility treatment outcomes remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on in-vitro fertilization (IVF) frozen embryo transfer (FET) outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study at a single, urban, Canadian Fertility center, including women who underwent an FET(2015-2023). Breastfeeding women (study group) were compared to non-breastfeeding controls, matched 1:1 for age, treatment protocol, and year. We compared outcomes between the two groups. Primary outcomes were pregnancy rate (PR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR),and live birth rate (LBR). Secondary outcomes included peak endometrial thickness prior to progesterone supplementation, biochemical PR and miscarriage rate. Multivariate logistic regression controlled for confounders. Two sub-analyses within the breastfeeding group examined treatment outcomes by breastfeeding duration (≤ 12 months; > 12 months) and prolactin levels (normal;elevated). RESULTS: Overall, 118 women met inclusion criteria (59 breastfeeding, 59 controls). Breastfeeding women, compared to controls,were characterized by a younger median age at initial oocyte collection (34.8 years(31.9-37.11) vs. 35.85 years(33.2-39.2),p = 0.044); higher median parity (1(1-1) vs. 0(0-1), p < 0.0001);and higher rates of irregular cycles (35.59% vs. 18.64%,p = 0.016);and elevated prolactin levels (16.95% vs. 1.69%,p = 0.003). Utilizing multivariate logistic regression adjusting for breastfeeding status,parity, age at initial oocyte collection, and cycle regularity, only maternal age at oocyte collection was associated with PR (adjusted odds ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.94,p = 0.003). Both sub-analyses revealed similar PRs, CPRs and LBRs between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding during an FET cycle was not associated with treatment outcomes, including PR,CPR, or LBR, providing cautious reassurance to physicians and patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it