North Atlantic upper ocean sound channel variations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historical profile observations characterize sound channel distributions across the North Atlantic Ocean and their relationships to water masses as well as support assessment of numerical ocean model performance. The focus of this study is sound channels above 500 m depth, below the sonic layer, and having a cutoff frequency of less than 200 Hz. Sound channels occur frequently around the Rockall Trough, the Reykjanes Ridge, the Labrador Current off the Grand Banks, and the Gulf Stream. Seasonal effects result in higher occurrences in spring and summer when the sonic layer is shallower. Water mass properties at sound channel axes exhibit lower salinity than at channel tops and bottoms on average, which implies cold, low salinity surface waters have been subducted into the water column. As ocean numerical model resolution is increased vertically and horizontally, model results are more consistent with observed sound channel occurrence rates as well as water mass properties. In addition to low salinity waters laterally interleaving with warmer, more saline waters of equal density, several ocean processes can move relatively cold low salinity surface waters to the subsurface including subduction from surface fronts along isopycnals and winter convection. Model deficiencies are considered relative to water mass distributions and possible physical processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".