Optic Nerve Invasion in Retinoblastoma: Impact of Eye Salvage and Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Optic nerve invasion (ONI) is an important risk factor for extraocular metastasis in retinoblastoma. This study evaluates the impact of pre-enucleation chemotherapy, delayed enucleation, and adjuvant chemotherapy on survival in patients with varying degree of ONI on histopathology. Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive enucleated eyes with any degree of ONI from 29 Chinese treatment centers 2012-2017. Children with other high-risk histopathological features, extraocular disease at diagnosis or bilateral enucleation were excluded. Results: Among 2500 enucleated eyes, 386 eyes with isolated ONI (one eye per child) met the inclusion criteria: prelaminar (n = 204), intralaminar (n = 70), retrolaminar without tumor at transected optic nerve (n = 96), or retrolaminar with tumor at transected end (n = 16). Primary enucleation was performed in 59% of cases, whereas 41% underwent secondary enucleation after eye salvage therapies. Delayed enucleation beyond six months from diagnosis significantly increased the likelihood of tumor at optic nerve transection (21% vs. 2%; P < 0.001). The five-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 96.7% overall: prelaminar (100%), intralaminar (98%), retrolaminar without transected end involvement (94%), or tumor at transected optic nerve (58%). Secondarily enucleated eyes with retrolaminar ONI without transected end involvement had lower CSS than those primarily enucleated (85.6% vs. 100%; P = 0.022). The five-year CSS was higher but not statistically significant, for eyes treated with or without adjuvant chemotherapy: intralaminar ONI (100% vs. 95.7%; P = 0.193), retrolaminar ONI without tumor at transected end (100% vs. 93.5; P = 0.413), and tumor at the transected end (80.0% vs. 45.0%; P = 0.192). Conclusions: Timely enucleation reduces the risk of tumor involvement at optic nerve transection. Delay in enucleation by pre-enucleation chemotherapy may reduce the effectiveness of subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".