Saccadic omission revisited: What saccade-induced smear looks like.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During active visual exploration, saccadic eye movements rapidly shift the visual image across the human retina. Although these high-speed shifts occur at a high rate and introduce considerable amounts of motion smear during natural vision, our perceptual experience is oblivious to it-a phenomenon known as saccadic omission. Using tachistoscopic displays of natural scenes, we rendered saccade-induced smear highly conspicuous. By manipulating perisaccadic display durations, we studied the dynamics of smear in a time-resolved manner, assessing discrimination performance of smeared scenes, as well as smear amount and orientation. Both measures showed distinctive, U-shaped time courses throughout the saccade, indicating that generation and reduction of smear occurred during saccades. Moreover, low spatial frequencies and orientations parallel to the direction of the ongoing saccade were identified as the predominant visual features accessible in motion smear. We explain these findings using computational models that assume no more than saccadic velocity and human contrast sensitivity profiles and present a motion-filter model capable of predicting observers' perceived amount of smear based on their eyes' trajectories, suggesting a direct link between perceptual and saccade dynamics. Replays of the visual consequences of saccades during fixation led to virtually identical results as actively making saccades, whereas the additional simulation of perisaccadic contrast suppression heavily reduced this similarity, providing strong evidence that this suppression explained neither our findings nor the phenomenon of omission. Saccadic omission of motion smear may be understood as emerging naturally from the interplay of the retinal consequences of saccades and early visual processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".