Natural wax supported by microporous biochar to create a stable phase change material
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Energy storage, exploiting the latent heat of phase change materials, offers an efficient method to store and release heat. Initial developments of phase change materials and their containment targeted performance over environmental impact. This article presents a bio‐sourced, fully compostable, and biodegradable composite phase change material made from hardwood charcoal and beeswax. This material combines effective heat transfer performance with a significant focus on sustainable end‐of‐life waste management, especially when compared to traditional methods that rely on synthetic or heavily modified bio‐sourced phase change materials. We measured a beeswax uptake within charcoal's porous structure of up to 61.2%. This resulted in a composite with a latent heat enthalpy of 77.83 J g −1 , with cyclability tested up to 20 cycles without any reduction in performance. The process was scaled from millimetre‐scale particles up to centimetre‐scale particles with similar adsorption capacities. The Laplace–Young equation confirmed that adsorption of beeswax is mostly driven by a capillary pressure, of at least 2.2 × 10 4 N m −2 , caused by the naturally occurring porous structure of charcoal. These beeswax‐loaded charcoal particles could find applications for heat recovery in HVAC systems or in packed bed heat storage systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".