Study of the cementitious ternary LC3 system comprising clinker, metakaolin, and phosphate interburden as a carbonate source
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Limestone calcined clay cement has been extensively studied in recent years. This research investigates using dolomitic and calcitic materials from phosphate interburden as carbonate sources, combined with clinker and metakaolin as aluminosilicates. Carbonate levels (15–25%) were evaluated in ternary systems and compared to quartz-based controls for compressive strength and hydration products. Calorimetry revealed increased heat release in carbonate systems, with a retardation effect from P2O5. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses identified predominant ettringite, portlandite, and carboaluminate hydrates, though their abundance decreased at 25% carbonate substitution due to dilution. Magnesium from dolomite likely formed hydrotalcite hydrate. Optimal mechanical properties were observed at ∼20% carbonate substitution. Carbonates from phosphate interburden outperformed quartz, with minimal differences between dolomitic and calcitic sources. Thermodynamic modeling indicated higher C-S-H content over time, with stabilized ettringite from monocarboaluminate formation. Results demonstrate sustainable benefits of incorporating phosphate interburden in ternary cement systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".