Use of Extracorporeal Therapies to Treat Severe Caffeine Poisoning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Reflecting on recent reports suggesting the efficacy of extracorporeal blood purification, including hemodialysis, for severe caffeine poisoning, we conducted a retrospective 5-year follow-up study on acute caffeine poisoning in Japan particularly focusing on extracorporeal blood purification. METHODS: Patients transported to emergency facilities between April 2016 and March 2021 after consuming large or excessive amounts of over-the-counter drugs and energy drinks containing caffeine as a primary ingredient were included. We collected information on demographic characteristics, medical history, the caffeine-containing products consumed, clinical and laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes using a questionnaire. We compared the data of patients who were treated with and without extracorporeal blood purification (blood purification vs. nonblood purification group). We also compared our findings with those of a previous related study. FINDINGS: Seventy-six patients were included. Patients in the blood purification group (n = 22) were significantly older (p = 0.02), ingested higher estimated doses of caffeine (p < 0.01), demonstrated higher pulse rates (p = 0.01), respiratory rates (p = 0.03), and serum glucose levels (p = 0.05) on admission, resulting in longer hospital stays (p < 0.01) than those in the nonblood purification group (n = 54). However, their backgrounds, clinical features on arrival, and clinical signs and symptoms during the clinical course were similar between this and the previous study. Compared to the previous study, this study had a higher percentage of patients who underwent extracorporeal blood purification (16.8% vs. 28.9%; p = 0.07), including hemodialysis (10.9% vs. 22.4%; p = 0.06); nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were observed in the prognoses between the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, the use of extracorporeal blood purification including hemodialysis for the treatment of caffeine poisoning is being promoted in Japan; however, the decision to administer it mostly depends on the patients' ingested doses or vital signs, and not on the serum caffeine levels. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether extracorporeal blood purification improves the prognoses of patients with severe caffeine poisoning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".