Shifting sands: Tracing the evolution of Prince Edward Island’s coastal dunes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prince Edward Island (PEI) is the smallest Canadian province and only island province in Canada. This small sandstone island has a lengthy coastline, of which nearly one-third is classified as sand dune, and over half on the northern shore facing the long reach of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. While scientific interest has focused on coastal erosion, the role of coastal dunes is less understood, and historical records are scarce. However, the boundedness and small size of the island has historically provided opportunities for mapping, with the exacting surveys of Captain Samuel Holland in the eighteenth century, Admiral Henry Bayfield in the nineteenth century, and comprehensive aerial photo analysis and topographic mapping in the twentieth century. Overlaying these sources in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and comparing them with additional historical maps and charts at the site of the first settlement around St. Peters Bay provides insight into the rapid and continuing evolution of the nearby coastal sand dunes, which can in turn be linked to key eras in the island’s 300 years of colonial history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".