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Record W4411603790 · doi:10.3390/appliedmath5030076

Stock Market Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: A Review

2025· review· en· W4411603790 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAppliedMath · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldDecision Sciences
TopicStock Market Forecasting Methods
Canadian institutionsOntario Tech University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsStock marketArtificial intelligenceDeep learningStock market predictionComputer scienceMachine learningStock (firearms)Financial economicsEconomicsEngineeringHistory

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The rapid advancement of machine learning and deep learning techniques has revolutionized stock market prediction, providing innovative methods to analyze financial trends and market behavior. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various machine learning and deep learning approaches utilized in stock market prediction, focusing on their methodologies, evaluation metrics, and datasets. Popular models such as LSTM, CNN, and SVM are examined, highlighting their strengths and limitations in predicting stock prices, volatility, and trends. Additionally, we address persistent challenges, including data quality and model interpretability, and explore emerging research directions to overcome these obstacles. This study aims to summarize the current state of research, provide insights into the effectiveness of predictive models.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.018
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.016
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Meta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.975
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0180.016
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0030.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.126
GPT teacher head0.454
Teacher spread0.327 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it