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Record W4411609263 · doi:10.4006/0836-1398-38.2.145

Entropy scale factor could solve event horizon paradoxes

2025· article· en· W4411609263 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Christopher N. Watson

Bibliographic record

VenuePhysics Essays · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicCosmology and Gravitation Theories
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEvent horizonPhysicsScale (ratio)Entropy (arrow of time)Event (particle physics)HorizonStatistical physicsThermodynamicsAstrophysicsAstronomyQuantum mechanics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The entropy scale factor (ESF) builds on work in emergent gravity to propose that gravity is due to entropy instead of the energy and momentum of general relativity. This theory proposes changes to the scale of space and time, which result in finite time dilation on the surface of black holes, contrasting with the infinite time dilation predicted by general relativity. The amount of time dilation on a Schwarzschild black hole's surface is inversely proportional to its radius, just like the Hawking temperature. Since time dilation is not infinite at the event horizon, black holes can absorb light and matter from the perspective of a non-accelerating observer, resolving the Cornish‐Moffat paradox. Since the event horizon can emit light directly, it can return information to the outside universe, resolving the black hole information paradox.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.011
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.022

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.011
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0020.009
Scholarly communication0.0020.011
Open science0.0010.003
Research integrity0.0020.004
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0060.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.272
Teacher spread0.264 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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