Effects of interval exercise and diurnal variation on blood biomarkers for sport-related concussion: A crossover cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Preliminary investigation of exercise and diurnal effects on neurofilament light, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 and total tau. METHODS: Plasma biomarkers were assayed from blood drawn before, during, immediately following, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 48-h following three exercise conditions completed on a cycle ergometer (control [stationary], moderate intensity interval training and high intensity interval training). Participants with no prior concussion history completed each condition randomized four weeks apart. DESIGN: Observational, crossover cohort. RESULTS: Two-hundred-and-ninety-three plasma specimens from 10 participants (7 female, 3 male; median age 23.79 years (interquartile range: 21.38, 25.12)) demonstrated transient decreases in neurofilament light immediately following moderate (-1.11 pg/mL, 95 % confidence interval: -2.08 to -0.13, p = 0.03) and high intensity interval exercise (-1.48 pg/mL, 95 % confidence interval: -2.54 to -0.42, p = 0.01). Glial fibrillary acidic protein also decreased immediately following moderate (-16.47 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: -28.88 to -4.06, p = 0.01) and high intensity interval exercise (-22.85 pg/mL, 95 % confidence interval: -30.25 to -15.45, p < 0.01), returning to control levels by 1 h post-exercise. Total tau declined throughout the day across all conditions on average (8 h: -1.15 pg/mL, β: 0.63, 95 % confidence interval: 0.44 to 0.89, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings highlight potential considerations for future sport-related concussion biomarker investigations collecting acute post-injury data in a sports context, as exercise may have immediate transient effects, and diurnal variations may affect plasma concentrations. Future research is needed to examine blood biomarkers affected by exercise and sport-related concussion in populations with consideration for concussion history, age, and sex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".