Bibliographic record
Abstract
Taxes are important financial instrument through which financial tools are gathered (revenues) to cover state expenditures.Taxes are closely related with the development of state administration, fact that has influenced in the expansion of the obligation of paying taxes.Taxes are a specific type of state revenue which are collect by state bodies and other legal and political bodies, from physical and legal persons in return for services which these bodies offer.Tax and taxation is called every payment required by law, in favor of state budget, based on income or property they have, consumption of goods and services they benefit.They are the main source of revenues in state budget.Proportionality and progressivity are two ways of calculating the value of taxes and taxation.The tax system in Albania has been an unexpected development with strong deviations.However, the tax authority made it possible for our country to become stronger by strengthening the country's finances.In this work are presented mainly thoughts and studies by economists of flat and progressive tax, are also presented evidence concerning the application of a model of taxation in different countries, different debates and polls that individuals and various researches have related with one or another tax.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.985 | 0.983 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".