Advanced Synthetic Strategies toward Ginkgolide Diterpenoids: Total Synthesis of (±)-Ginkgolide C and Formal Syntheses of (±)-Ginkgolides A and B
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ginkgolides are highly oxygenated diterpenes isolated from Ginkgo biloba that exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Their compact hexacyclic architecture─featuring multiple contiguous stereocenters, a spirocyclic core, and a rare tert -butyl group─presents a formidable challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of ginkgolide C ( 3 ), the most structurally complex member of this family, completed in 26 steps from commercially available materials. The synthesis is guided by a functional group-driven strategy that enables the convergent construction of the polycyclic core through key diastereoselective carbon–carbon bond formations, selective oxidations, and late-stage epoxide-opening lactonizations. In parallel, the formal syntheses of ginkgolides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) were accomplished via interception of a late-stage intermediate in 17 steps, the shortest route to these targets reported to date. This work provides a unified synthetic platform for accessing the ginkgolide family and offers new opportunities for the synthesis and biological evaluation of related analogues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".