Breastfeeding limits the adverse impact of socioeconomic status on child health by modifying the infant gut microbiome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lower familial socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to increased childhood disease risk. Since SES has no inherent biological basis, identifying how it becomes physiologically embedded is essential for equitable intervention. Using data from the CHILD cohort, we analyzed modifiable pathways linking SES to child health and found that the infant gut microbiota plays a key mediating role. Breastfeeding was associated with a stabilized infant microbiota, buffering against environmental impacts and reducing health risks in lower SES contexts. The presence of Bifidobacterium infantis , enriched through breastfeeding, was linked to protection against adverse outcomes from SES. We observed similar associations in the independent COPSAC 2010 cohort, including links among SES, breastfeeding, child health, the microbiota, and B. infantis . Together, these results suggest the improving breastfeeding rates and restoring breastfeeding-enriched microbes, like B. infantis , may help buffer early biological impacts of social inequality and support healthier trajectories for children growing up in industrialized settings. One-Sentence Summary Breastfeeding limits the adverse impact of socioeconomic status on child risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases potentially by modifying infant gut microbiota and enriching for Bifidobacterium infantis .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".