Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the absence of human security and security challenges using Boko Haram activities as a case.In spite of the successful changeover to civil rule in May 1999, the problem of ethno-religious clash and radicalism remains a serious threat to the social-political unity and economic stability of Nigeria.The Boko Haram insurgency since July 2009 is historic, in that it reinforced the attempts by Islamic extremists at superimposing a variant of Islamic religious ideology on a secular Nigerian state, making the security situation of the country most precarious and inflammable.This spate of insurgency in Nigeria is influenced by both internal factors and external factors.This paper seeks to examine this security problem and its implications on human existence in a heterogeneous society like Nigeria.Among the causative factors of Boko Haram insurgency and human security challenges examined in this paper, were inadequate state security apparatus, endemic corruption level, illiteracy, developmental imbalances and economic disparities in the country.With the available data, one is convinced that the security problem needs an urgent practical solution to save the country from the predicted fragmentation.Therefore, this paper recommends the practice of genuine secular federalism, effective state security, developmental and people oriented and participatory democracy as radical ways of curbing violent ethnoreligious insurgency and insecurity in Nigeria.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.931 | 0.918 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".