Design and thermodynamic analysis of an advanced thermal system powered by solar and biomass sources
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the design and comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of an advanced hybrid multigeneration energy system powered by solar and biomass resources, specifically utilizing milk permeate from the dairy industry as a renewable biogas feedstock. The proposed system integrates Brayton cycle (BC), steam Rankine cycle (SRC), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and absorption cooling cycle, coupled with a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production. Detailed steady-state simulations were conducted using the Aspen Plus to investigate the effects of key operating parameters on system performance. The results show that the integrated system achieves a maximum overall energy efficiency of 66.3% and exergy efficiency of 78.2%. In addition, the analysis reveals that increasing the biogas flow rate from 4500 kg/h to 6500 kg/h decreases energy efficiency from 66.21% to 66.01% and exergy efficiency from 61.3% to 58.1%. Raising the P5 pressure from 1500 kPa to 4500 kPa elevates net work rate output from 9987 kW to 13 819 kW and hydrogen production from 77.4 kg/h to 104.1 kg/h, while decreasing exergy efficiency from 60.3% to 50.7% due to enhanced irreversibilities. Additionally, increasing the T 20 high temperature from 750 K to 1100 K further improves exergy efficiency from 65.2% to 72.2%, this, in turn leads to a decline in hydrogen production decreasing from 71.1 kg/h to 67.4 kg/h.The findings underscore the system’s potential for integrating industrial waste valorization with renewable energy sources to enable efficient, flexible, and sustainable multigeneration, offering valuable contributions toward energy diversification, carbon emission reduction, and circular economy integration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".