Postmortem tau in the CA2 region of the hippocampus in older adult men who participated in youth amateur American-style football
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BackgroundResearchers have reported that hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulates in the Cornu Ammonis 2 subfield (CA2) of the hippocampus with age, preferentially in primary age-related tau astrogliopathy, in association with early Alzheimer's disease, and preferentially in chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change.ObjectiveExamine the possible association between preferential p-tau in the CA2 region of the hippocampus and history of playing high school American-style football.MethodsPostmortem brain tissue samples were obtained from the Lieber Institute for Brain Development for 174 men (median age at death = 65 years; range = 50-96). There were 126 with no known history of participation in contact or collision sports and 48 (27.6%) who participated in football.ResultsApproximately half were rated modified Braak stage I (47.1%) and modified CERAD stage 0 (52.0%). Preferential CA2 p-tau was present in 29.9%. The average age for those with versus without preferential CA2 p-tau was 75 and 63, respectively (Cohen's d = -1.27, large effect).The sport history groups did not differ in age (p = 0.607). In both univariate and multivariate logistic regressions, older age groups (odds ratio [OR] = 3.42 and 3.23) and those with greater modified CERAD scores (OR = 1.78 and 1.48) were significantly more likely to have preferential CA2 p-tau. There was not a significant association between football participation and preferential CA2 p-tau.ConclusionsThere was not a significant association between participation in high school football and preferential CA2 p-tau identified after death. These results support other theories in the literature-that preferential CA2 p-tau is associated with aging and with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".