Migrating in a warming world: A deep learning approach to predict pan-American seasonal shifts in the monarch butterfly niche
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Climate change is driving biodiversity loss, disrupting ecosystem functioning, and altering species distributions. Migratory species, whose range varies across seasons depending on specific climatic conditions, are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and serve as indicators of ecosystem health. However, current species distribution models often fail to capture the temporal dynamics critical for migratory species, limiting their ability to provide accurate future range estimations. In this study, we address this gap by developing a time-aware deep learning species distribution model for the monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ), an iconic species for biodiversity conservation. Using monarch occurrence records across the Americas gathered from scientific and citizen science sources, we embed the effect of monthly climatic variables in a sequential framework. We compare the performance of our seasonal model to conventional time-static baselines, showing not only better performance in the present, where the models have been trained and validated, but also in the past. Our findings show that climatic factors such as humidity, temperature, precipitation and cloud coverage strongly influence the ecological niche of the monarch butterfly, with notable seasonal and spatial variability. Applying our model under climate change scenarios, we predict a northwestward shift in the monarch range by the end of the XXI century, with expansion in Canada and significant contraction in California and Central America, key sites for overwintering that also host resident monarch populations. These changes could severely impact the species migratory cycle and population stability. Using Shapley values, an explainable AI technique, we identify the decrease in precipitation and humidity as important environmental drivers responsible for the contraction of overwintering sites. By focusing on a species of high ecological relevance through a time-aware modeling approach, this work brings novel insights for the conservation of migratory species in the face of the challenges posed by climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".