Analog Test Bus Structure for Wide-Bandwidth High-Frequency Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Analog test buses facilitate the testing of analog components in integrated circuits through dedicated test ports and switches. IEEE 1149.4 is an analog test bus standard that can be calibrated with simple gain correction but cannot calibrate for other sources of error present at higher frequencies, leading to inaccurate measurements. This paper presents a novel analog test bus structure with greater calibration capabilities inspired by the vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration approach that uses multiple known calibration references. These references were integrated within the test bus constructed of voltage and current buffers. IEEE 1149.4 and the proposed test bus were first compared via simulation and then through a discrete component PCB implementation, both aimed at measuring a transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The simulation showed that the proposed test bus exactly measured the amplifier with little error while 1149.4 deviated at higher frequencies. These results were echoed in the physical experiment, with the proposed 4-port deviating slightly from the ideal due to the mismatch inherent in the PCB experiment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".