Micropropagation of Iraqi Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Through Tissue Culture Method and Assessment of Genetic Stability Using RAPD Markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a valuable medicinal and culinary crop in Iraq, facing yield limitations due to vegetative propagation and disease.Tissue culture technique offers a viable solution for rapid propagation.This study aimed to micro-propagate Iraqi garlic and evaluate the genetic stability of regenerated plants using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers.Garlic explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with varying hormone combinations for callus induction, shoot regeneration, and rooting.Regenerated microplants were acclimatized in sterile substrate.DNA was extracted from leaf tissues, and genetic stability was assessed using RAPD markers.Optimal sterilization of Iraqi garlic was achieved with 0.8% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 20 minutes, resulting in 64% clean explants.MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) resulted in an 80% callus response and an average of 6.6 shoots per explant.Meanwhile, 2.5 mg/L BA produced the longest shoot length (1.80 cm).RAPD analysis using the OPC-03 primer showed 10 consistent bands (1835-1910 bp), confirming the genetic stability of regenerated plants.Maximum induction (70%) and fresh weight (286.3 mg) occurred with 100 µM 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).The use of liquid medium enhanced bud formation, with an average of 24.8 buds per explant, and achieved acclimatization rates of up to 80%.Overall, tissue culture proved to be an effective method for garlic propagation.The confirmed genetic stability of regenerated plants indicates strong potential for agricultural applications and future genetic improvement programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".