Cold tolerance strategy and lower temperature thresholds of <i>Lycorma delicatula</i> (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) egg masses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula , Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is a planthopper native to China and southeastern Asia invasive in North America. To inform risk assessment of northward spread, we determined cold tolerance strategy and lower lethal limits of overwintering eggs. We used field-collected egg masses from Pennsylvania, USA, and treated them with short (1 or 12 h) and long (10 or 15 days) low temperature exposures (0 °C to -25 °C). We assessed hatch rate to measure survival. We determined that L. delicatula eggs were chill susceptible and the supercooling points of individual eggs ranged from -17.4 °C to -27.7 °C. We observed successful hatch after short- and long-term exposure to temperatures below -20 °C, well below previously published thermal limits for the species. Hatch rates were lower at or below -20 °C in the short exposures, or -15 °C in our long exposures experiments then hatch rate in egg masses not exposed to any treatment. Because L. delicatula eggs survived temperatures near their supercooling points, -27.7 °C could be used as a conservative estimate of the lower lethal temperature for this life stage. Our findings suggest that L. delicatula will be able to survive in colder climates than initially thought. Of the locations where L. delicatula has been observed in Canada, Winnipeg is the only location where prolonged extreme cold is likely to affect survival. Other regions, such as the Maritimes, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec, do not experience frequent or intense cold spells sufficient to prevent its establishment. Thus, low winter temperatures may not limit L. delicatula overwinter survival and establishment in many regions of Canada or other parts of the world that experience similar winter conditions .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".